Considered the most important Asian architect of the 20th century,
Geoffrey Bawa is credited with creating the new Tropical Modern
aesthetic that is now common throughout the world. This style of
architecture seamlessly combines the indoor with the outdoor, being
minimalist in composition and creating semi-enclosed spaces. His
buildings are constructed of indigenous local materials and crafts,
borrowing from the native forms with an emphasis on efficiency. Bawa’s
buildings are contemporary in design but rooted in local tradition. Bawa
is considered the most influential architect from the Asian region.
Sri Lankan Parliament designed by Geoffrey Bawa
Geoffrey Bawa
Born in 1919, Geoffrey Bawa studied at Cambridge University
before moving on to study law in London. After serving in the war, Bawa
returned to his native Sri Lanka, purchased an abandoned rubber estate,
and converted it into one of the country's most iconic gardens and
estates. He then returned to London to study architecture, qualifying in
1957.
Between 1957 and 1989, Geoffrey Bawa took charge of the
established Sri Lankan architectural firm Edwards Reid and Begg. He left
in 1990 to create his own firm, Geoffrey Bawa Associates. Throughout,
Bawa developed and refined a new style of modernist architecture
suitable to the tropical climates.
Bawa began by designing and supervising the construction of
residential properties, office buildings, churches, and schools. He is
noted for deconstructing the traditional layout of constituent rooms by
creating semi-enclosed spaces which include terraces, garden rooms,
garden roofs, and courtyards. His office buildings addressed the
particular needs of the workplace in a tropical environment, including
cantilevered floors and breathing walls.
Bawa's most iconic building was the new Sri Lankan parliamentary
buildings constructed in 1979. It was designed as an island capital
surrounded by parkland and a new lake. The building itself is a main
pavilion surrounded and connected by five satellite pavilions. This is
one of Bawa's most revered and praised buildings today.
A significant number of international awards and honors have been
bestowed on Bawa. He is an honorary fellow of the American Institute of
Architects, received the Architect of the Year in London (1996), the
Aga Khan Award For Architecture for lifetime achievement (2001), and
many more. His work has often been the subject of retrospectives around
the world. Unfortunately, he was felled by a stroke in 1998 that ended
his productive career, and he passed away in 2003.
His influence on global architecture is undeniable. Firstly, he
tutored and mentor subsequent generations of prominent modernist
architects. His work is highly regarded in many countries, including
Singapore, Japan, Thailand, and India. Today, the Geoffrey Bawa Trust
administers his estate, provides scholarships and lectures, and presents
architecture awards.
Geoffrey Bawa was considered eccentric because of his homosexual
lifestyle. Elements of this easily transferred to his design,
particularly in the garden elements – they are very decorative and
eclectic, incorporating an English aspect into the traditional tropical
landscape. These included the creation of vistas and walkways that were
sensual, but also which are filled with wonder and gay in-jokes along
the way (including male nudes and sculpture, or a sleeping naked man
etched into a concrete bench).
His brother, Bevis Bawa, was also gay and
served as Aide de Campe for four successive Sri Lankan Governor
Generals.
Geoffrey Bawa had a notable relationship with gay Australian
artist Donald Friend. They joined forces in advancing this new LGBTQ
influenced aesthetic into tropical architecture.
Original Link
http://queerbio.com/wiki/index.php?title=Geoffrey_Bawa
Peek and breathe in the hedonistic life of self-declared and self-taught
artist Bevis Bawa and enjoy his former fairy tale garden and mansion.
Bevis, whose brother Geoffrey was one of the most important Sri Lankan
architect, did not have a regular Sri Lankan life-style; first, he never
had to care about money, he had a rich papa who bought for example the
estate under discussion. Second, he was gay, a hardcore crime according
to (former) Ceylonese culture. Third, he smoked 50 cigarettes a day,
drank whiskey excessively and organised his own sex orgies in his
beautifully designed garden. During his life time dozens of artists
stayed at his estate and benefited from the inspiring atmosphere on this
former rubber plantation. The Australian artist Donald Friend
supposedly stayed five years even though he wanted to stay one week
only. Not only shared these two men the passion for art, but also their
beds or at least there passion for adolescent boys. All the above life
information about Bevis Bawa will help you to interpret and understand
the kind of statues placed in the different corners of the garden and
the villa.
link 1 - http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/tom-daley-dustin-lance-black-5382723 link 2 - http://www.mirror.co.uk/3am/celebrity-news/tom-daley-dustin-lance-black-5382723
At the request of the Department of Health this public
information
was prepared by the UK Council for Psychotherapy with the
support
and assistance of the British Psychoanalytic Council, the
Royal
College of Psychiatrists, the British Association for
Counselling
and Psychotherapy, the British Psychological Society, The
National
Counselling Society, Pink Therapy, Stonewall, PACE and
Relate
June 2014
"Why do therapy professionals consider conversion
therapy
unethical?
The major therapy professional bodies in the UK have been
united in speaking out against conversion therapy. This is because this
particular approach is based on the assumption that homosexuality is a mental
disorder, or begins from the pre-conceived view that the client should change
their sexual
orientation.
As homosexuality is
not an illness, it is both logically and ethically flawed to offer any kind of
treatment.Conversion therapy suggests to vulnerable people that their sexuality
is the root cause of their difficulties.
This is misleading and prejudiced. Questions around
sexuality and identity can be challenging and difficult. Nevertheless, we
believe it would be irresponsible and
potentially damaging for a therapist to offer to try and
change sexual orientation.
The UK Council for Psychotherapy states:
‘It is exploitative for a psychotherapist to offer treatment
that might ‘cure’ or ‘reduce’ same sex attraction as to do so would be offering
a treatment for which there is no illness.’
The British Association for Counselling and
Psychotherapy says:
‘There is no scientific, rational or ethical reason to treat
people who identify within a range of human sexualities any differently from
those who identify solely as
heterosexual.’
The British Psychological Society has published guidance
which says:
‘As same-sex sexual orientations... are not diagnosable
illnesses, they do not require any therapeutic interventions to change them.’
The British Psychoanalytic Council states:
‘The BPC does not accept that a homosexual
orientation is evidence of disturbance of the mind or in
development. In psychoanalytic psychotherapy, it is the quality of people’s
relationships which are explored,
whether they are heterosexual or homosexual.’
The Royal College of Psychiatrists states:
‘The Royal College of Psychiatrists believes strongly in
evidence-based treatment. There is no sound scientific evidence that sexual
orientation can be changed. Furthermore, so-called treatments of homosexuality
create a setting in which prejudice and discrimination
flourish.’
What does research tell us about conversion therapy?
All treatments must be both ethical and effective before
being recommended by professional bodies or adopted by services such as the
NHS. As already noted, same-sex attraction and sexual behaviour are not mental
disorders needing treatment.
Nevertheless, there are claims conversion therapy should be
available to people distressed by their same sex attraction. So is there any
evidence that such therapy can change sexual orientation?
Randomised controlled trials are the scientific gold
standard for assessing the effectiveness of treatments. There are no randomised
trials of conversion therapies.
Recent systematic reviews of the evidence for conversion
therapy suggest that studies which have shown it to be successful are seriously
methodologically flawed.Oral history studies of people who underwent treatments
(such as aversion therapy) for homosexuality in the 1970s and 1980s also show
there is a potential for harm.
We believe that offering to change a person’s sexual
orientation or control his or her same sex attraction would be likely to
reinforce the notion that these feelings are wrong or abnormal. For wider
society, it also perpetuates the mistaken belief that homosexuality is a
disorder needing treatment.
To see more detailed statements on conversion therapy from
professional bodies in the UK please go to the
" In its 2000 position statement on “reparative” therapy, states:
Psychotherapeutic modalities to convert or “repair” homosexuality are based on developmental theories whose scientific validity is questionable. Furthermore, anecdotal reports of “cures” are counterbalanced by anecdotal claims of psychological harm. In the last four decades, “reparative” therapists have not produced any rigorous scientific research to substantiate their claims of cure. Until there is such research available, the American Psychiatric Association recommends that ethical practitioners refrain from attempts to changeindividuals’ sexual orientation, keeping in mind the medical dictum to first, do no harm.
The potential risks of reparative therapy are great, including depression, anxiety and self-destructive behavior, since therapist alignment with societal prejudices against homosexuality may reinforce self-hatred already experienced by the patient.Many patients who have undergone reparative therapy relate that they were inaccurately told that homosexuals are lonely, unhappy individuals who never achieve acceptance or satisfaction. The possibility that the person might achieve happiness and satisfying interpersonal relationships as a gay man or lesbian is not presented, nor are alternative approaches to dealing with the effects of societal stigmatization discussed.
Therefore, the American Psychiatric Association opposes any psychiatric treatment, such as reparative or conversion therapy which is based upon the assumption that homosexuality per se is a mental disorder or based upon the a priori assumption that the patient should change his/her sexual homosexual orientation."
The American Academy of Pediatrics
" Avoid any treatments that claim to be able to change a person’s sexual orientation,....."
The American Counseling Association
" in April 1999, the The American Counseling Association's Governing Council adopted a position opposing the promotion of “reparative therapy” as a “cure” for individuals who are homosexual."
Source http://www.apa.org/pi/lgbt/resources/just-the-facts.aspx
American Psychological Association says like this
"The task force conducted a systematic review of the peer-reviewed
journal literature on sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE) and
concluded that efforts to change sexual orientation are unlikely to be
successful and involve some risk of harm, contrary to the claims of SOCE
practitioners and advocates.
from
Report of the APA Task Force on Appropriate Therapeutic Responses to Sexual Orientation
American Psychological Association"
American Psychological Association further says like this
"All major national mental health organizations have officially
expressed concerns about therapies promoted to modify sexual
orientation. To date, there has been no scientifically adequate research
to show that therapy aimed at changing sexual orientation (sometimes
called reparative or conversion therapy) is safe or effective.
Furthermore, it seems likely that the promotion of change therapies
reinforces stereotypes and contributes to a negative climate for
lesbian, gay and bisexual persons."
source - American Psychological Association
link - http://www.apa.org/topics/lgbt/orientation.aspx
Royal College of Psychiatrists UK
says like this
"The British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy has recently
completed a systematic review of the world’s literature on LGB people’s
experiences with psychotherapy (King et al., 2007). This evidence shows
that although LGB people are open to seeking help with mental health
problems they may be misunderstood by therapists who regard their
homosexuality as the root cause of any presenting problem such as
depression or anxiety.
Unfortunately, therapists who behave in this way cause considerable
distress. A small minority of therapists will even go so far as to
attempt to change their client’s sexual orientation (Bartlett et al,
2001). This can be deeply damaging. Although there is now a number of
therapists and organisation in the USA and in the UK that claim that
therapy can help homosexuals to become heterosexual, there is no
evidence that such change is possible.
Meanwhile, we know from historical evidence that treatments to change
sexual orientation that were common in the 1960s and 1970s were very
damaging to those patients who underwent them and affected no change in
their sexual orientation (King, M. and Bartlett, A., 1999). "
source - Royal College of Psychiatrists UK 2015
link -
http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/members/specialinterestgroups/gaylesbian/submissiontothecofe/psychiatryandlgbpeople.aspx
link - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2415718/Prison-Break-star-Wentworth-Miller-How-keeping-sexuality-secret-prompted-suicide-attempts.html
video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PLRWDAfOzvA
video 1- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2oBraB9goXI video 2-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5mkeGPoTXOY video 3-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QoMH3uiha1Y
මේ තියෙන්නේ මනෝ විද්යාව පිළිබඳ ලෝකයේ ඉහළින්ම පිළිගැනීමට ලක්වන ආයතනයක් වන රාජකීය විශේෂඥ
මනෝ වෛද්යවරුන් ගේ ආයතනය Royal College of Psychiatrists UK හි මතය.
Link 1 - https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/pdf/PS02_2014.pdf
Link 2 -http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/members/specialinterestgroups/gaylesbian/submissiontothecofe/psychiatryandlgbpeople.aspx
"Biological theories regarding GLB sexuality attempt to link sexual
orientation with DNA markers on the X chromosome or to demonstrate that
in utero maternal hormones have an effect on sexual orientation. Other
theories attempt to show that the brain of the male who is GLB is
anatomically different from that of the male who is heterosexual.
Studies show a concordance of sexual orientation in male twins who are
raised apart, lending support to the idea that biological factors
greatly contribute to the development of sexual orientation. Likewise,
Bell and colleagues conducted a study of 1500 individuals identified as
gay and lesbian through detailed interviews involving various aspects of
their childhood environment, including parental relationships.[6] They
concluded that adults who are GLB and adults who are heterosexual had
almost identical familial and sociological upbringing.
To date, research studies suggest that aspects of homosexuality are likely linked to genetic factors."
"The authors of a 2008 study stated "there is considerable evidence that
human sexual orientation is genetically influenced, so it is not known
how homosexuality, which tends to lower reproductive success, is
maintained in the population at a relatively high frequency". They
hypothesized that "while genes predisposing to homosexuality reduce
homosexuals' reproductive success, they may confer some advantage in
heterosexuals who carry them". Their results suggested that "genes
predisposing to homosexuality may confer a mating advantage in
heterosexuals, which could help explain the evolution and maintenance of
homosexuality in the population".[146] A 2009 study also suggested a
significant increase in fecundity in the females related to the
homosexual people from the maternal line (but not in those related from
the paternal one).[147]
A review paper by Bailey and Zuk looking into studies of same-sex sexual
behaviour in animals challenges the view that such behaviour lowers
reproductive success, citing several hypotheses about how same-sex
sexual behavior might be adaptive; these hypotheses vary greatly among
different species. Bailey and Zuk also suggest future research needs to
look into evolutionary consequences of same-sex sexual behaviour, rather
than only looking into origins of such behaviour.[148] "
මේ තියෙන්නෙ අදාළ විද්යා්ත්මක උපුටා ගැනීම්.References
කාටත් කියවලා සරලව තේරුම් ගන්න පුළුවන් wikipedia link 1, 2 මෙන්න.
The Royal College of Psychiatrists stated in 2007:
“ Despite almost a century of psychoanalytic and psychological
speculation, there is no substantive evidence to support the suggestion
that the nature of parenting or early childhood experiences play any
role in the formation of a person's fundamental heterosexual or
homosexual orientation. It would appear that sexual orientation is
biological in nature, determined by a complex interplay of genetic
factors and the early uterine environment. Sexual orientation is
therefore not a choice.[4] ”
The American Academy of Pediatrics stated in Pediatrics in 2004
“ Sexual orientation probably is not determined by any one factor but
by a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences. In
recent decades, biologically based theories have been favored by
experts. Although there continues to be controversy and
uncertainty as to the genesis of the variety of human sexual
orientations, there is no scientific evidence that abnormal parenting,
sexual abuse, or other adverse life events influence sexual orientation.
Current knowledge suggests that sexual orientation is usually
established during early childhood.[3][143] ”
The American Psychological Association, American Psychiatric
Association, and National Association of Social Workers stated in 2006:
“ However, the available evidence
indicates that the vast majority of lesbian and gay adults were raised
by heterosexual parents and the vast majority of children raised by
lesbian and gay parents eventually grow up to be heterosexual.[2] ”
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